Since the studies of Adolphe Quetelet, Franz von Liszt, and Cesare Lombroso, an empirical discourse has been established at the borders of statistics, criminology, and jurisprudence that sees in the dangerous individual a paradigmatic figure of the abnormal. Zola’s novel La bête humaine converges with this statistically induced criminology in at least three points: 1. in the reference to the complex of the dangerous individual; 2. in the assumption that all social processes have a reason in a fictitious figure; (...) and 3. in the detection of a danger area in which the social body is measured alongside a distribution scale of norm and defiance. These aspects point to the fact that a diffuse and dangerous force is working within the social body as well as within the body of the individual. All social relationships are pervaded by an energetics and a drive that functions automatically and out of reach of the will of the individual. (shrink)

This is an extract2 from “Une défaite,” an unfinished novel which, according to Simone de Beauvoir, Sartre wrote in 1927. Apparently, Sartre was inspired by Charles Andler 's biography of Nietzsche and the triangular relationship of Nietzsche, Wagner and Cosima Wagner. The latter, Franz Liszt's daughter, was initially married to Hans von Bülow with whom she had two daughters, and then she married Wagner with whom she had two more daughters. Nietzsche admired her greatly. Sartre became fascinated by this (...) ambiguous, complex and conflictual triangle. Sartre also identified with Nietzsche and “the destiny of the solitary man.” The portagonist, Frédéric, who is one year older than Sartre, is also an ironic self-portrait of Sartre, while Cosima is a prototype for Anny in Nausea; both are modelled on Simone Jollivet. Cosima plays both mother and sister to Frédéric. The triangular relationship is often repeated in Sartre's affective existence. The fairy tale is the best written chapter in the novel. (shrink)

Einleitung. Auftakt ; Welt, Anschauung, Weltanschauung : Begriffshorizonte für Musik ; Weltanschauung und Kunst ; Der Begriff "Weltanschauung" ; Zur Konzeption des Buches : Ästhetisch-kulturelle Inbilder der Moderne ; Ästhetische und gesellschaftlische Moderne -- Gemeinschaft. Eine Idee und ihre Korruption : zur Einführung ; Das Finale von Beethovens neunter Symphonie -- Bildung. Anagogische Formationen : zur Einführung ; Symphonische Mythen bei Franz Liszt ; Musiklyrische Schicksalsformen bei Johannes Brahms -- Religion. Religion, Nation, Kunst : zur Einführung ; Geistliche Weltanschauungmusik (...) von Bach, Mendelssohn Bartholdy und Brahms ; Konfessionelle Markierungen bei Max Reger ; Verheißung und Erlösung im Bühnenweihfestspiel Parsifal -- Heldentum. Im Ausgang von der Eroica : zur Einführung ; Totenfeier und Gedächtniskultur bei Wagner und Mahler ; Diskursnormen bei Richard Strauss und Max Reger ; Kommunismus gegen Nationalsozialismus : Ideologien im Kampf um Deutschland -- Liebe. Destruktion und Kosmogonie : zur Einführung ; Frau Minne in Wagners Tristan und Isolde ; Lyric-Energien bei Schönberg und Zemlinsky ; Schöpfung aus Liebe : Gustav Mahlers Faust-Komposition in der Achten Symphonie -- Allnatur. Von "Natur" bis "All" : zur Einführung ; Nietzsche-Spiegelungen mit Delius, Strauss und Mahler ; Der Atem des Monismus bei Schönberg und Webern ; Der Gesang der Planeten in Kosmos-Musik Langgaards und Hindemiths. (shrink)

In dieser Monographie wird, beginnend mit einem biographischen und zeitgeschichtlichen Grundriss, zum ersten Mal das umfangreiche strafrechtliche, rechtsphilosophische und philosophische Gesamtwerk Arthur Baumgartens dargestellt. Baumgarten war im Jahr seiner bei Franz v. Liszt verteidigten Dissertation nach Genf berufen worden und lehrte in Köln, Basel, Frankfurt/M. und Berlin. Von der dreiteiligen "Wissenschaft vom Recht" urteilte Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy im "Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts", hier sei die Jurisprudenz auf Philosophie gegründet, und die Lehre Baumgartens werde neben Stammler und Nelson die stärkste (...) Wirkung aufs Rechtsdenken gewinnen. Mit seinen philosophischen Schriften wurde Baumgarten, beeinflusst von James und Dewey, in den zwanziger und dreißiger Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts ein Vordenker des sozialliberalen Pragmatismus in der deutschen Philosophie und nahm deren Hinwendung zur angloamerikanischen philosophischen Tradition um Jahrzehnte vorweg. 1933 erklärte er, unterm NS-Regime nicht Rechtwissenschaft lehren zu können, und ging von Frankfurt in die Schweizer Emigration. Die Erfahrung von Faschismus und Krieg führte ihn in der Mitte der vierziger Jahre zu sozialistischen Überzeugungen und Erwartungen und zur Marxschen sozialwissenschaftlichen Methode, so dass er, nach Frankfurt nicht zurückberufen, gleich anderen antifaschistischen Intellektuellen in die Ostzone und spätere DDR zog. Gerd Irrlitz behandelt die Hauptwerke und die marxistisch orientierten Texte Baumgartens – wie überhaupt die sozialliberale und die späte sozialistische Periode – nicht als Gegensätze, sondern als aufeinander bezogene und einander bedingende Konzepte, überzeugt, dass das Werk des Rechtsphilosophen unterm Erfordernis der Erneuerung des sozialen Liberalismus in der hochindustriellen Zivilisation neue Aktualität gewinnen kann. (shrink)

In this richly detailed analysis, Barbara Von Eckardt lays the foundations for understanding what it means to be a cognitive scientist.

... V The Foundations of Mathematics Braithwaite VI Logical Studies von Wright VII A Treatise on Induction and Probability von Wright VIII An Examination of ...

Betr. u.a. Erasmus und die Reformation in Basel.

Now you can learn from the original, most important source for magic in the Western world that has ever been published, when you get Agrippa'sThree Books of Occult Philosophy. This massive volume was originally published in 1531, and occultists have been drawing on it ever since. Now, Llewellyn is proud to produce the first complete reprint of the original English translation in the last 500 years. Donald Tyson edited this work and removed the hundreds of errors that appeared in the (...) original translation. He also fully annotated the work, to make it understandableand usableby people today. ·Discover what the Renaissance scholar knew about astrology, medicine, history, herbs, geography, animals, angels, devils, Witches, charms, the weather, and a host of other subjects ·Gain immediate reference to a vast amount of arcane, but completely annotated, magical material ·Find corrected drawings of seals, sigils, and magic squares, and correctly represented geomantic figures ·Explore the practical Kabbalah, geomancy, the magic squares, the elements, the humors, and the Soul of the World ·Consult the new Biographical dictionary for background on each of the hundreds of writers and historical figures referred to by Agrippa ·Consult the new Geographical Dictionary for data on referenced rivers, mountains, nations, citiesmany of which now carry different names. The Three Books of Occult Philosophy is the most complete repository of pagan and Neoplatonic magic ever compiled. This book is packed with material you will not find elsewhere, including copious extracts on magic from obscure or lost works by Pythagoras, Ptolemy, Plato, Aristotle, and many others. Tyson's detailed annotations clarify difficult references and provide origins of quotations, even expanding upon them in many cases, in order to make Agrippa's work more accessible to the modern reader. The Three Books of Occult Philosophy is the ultimate "how-to" for magical workings. It describes how to work all manner of divinations and natural and ceremonial magic in such clear and useful detail that it is stillthe guide for modern techniques. The extensive new supplementary material makes this wisdom practical for use today. The Three Books of Occult Philosophy is an essential reference tool for all students of the occult. Get your copy today. (shrink)

A. W. Brian Simpson, Cannibalism and the Common Law Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984.

. Selective incapacitation reexamined: The national academy of sciences' report on criminal careers and “career criminals”. Criminal Justice Ethics: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 19-35.

INTRODUCTION TO THE THIRD EDITION: FROM VALUE THEORY TO PRAXEOLOGY Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973) is arguably the most important economist of the twentieth ...

Why is it so plausible that business organisations in contemporary society use values in their communication? In order to answer this question, a sociological, system theoretical approach is applied which approaches values not pre-empirically as invisible drivers for action but as observable semantics that form organisational behaviour. In terms of empirical material, it will be shown that business organisations resort to a communication of values whenever uncertainty or complexity is very high. Inevitably, value semantics are applied in organisations first when (...) the speakers are uncertain about which stakeholders to whom they have to address or when different stakeholder groups have to be addressed simultaneously ; second, when the identity of the organisation has to be described; and third, when future strategic options that cannot be expressed by quantitative terms have to be communicated. Values accordingly play a role in organisational practice when certain aspects are indeterminate. Therefore, they are a means for organisations to communicate under fuzzy circumstances. On the basis of these findings, new approaches to value management can now be formulated. (shrink)

The Art of Power offers up a challenge to traditional political theory. Diego A. von Vacano provides original interpretations of Machiavelli's oeuvre and of Nietzsche's relationship to politics.

ZusammenfassungDas Axiomensystem der ebenen projektiven Geometrie ist dual in dem Sinne, dass es bei Vertauschung der Begriffe « Punkt » und « Gerade » in sich übergeht. Daraus folgt, dass mit jedem Satz auch der duale Satz aus den Axiomen beweisbar ist. Dagegen kann aus der Dualität des Axiomensystems nicht geschlossen werden, dass in einem Modell mit jedem Satz auch der duale Satz gilt; noch weniger folgt, dass ein Modell eine eineindeutige Abbildung zulässt, welche Punkte and Geraden unter Erhaltung der (...) Inzidenz vertauscht. Im Falle der projektiven Geometrie sind solche Modelle bekannt; für die einfache Typentheorie wird gezeigt, dassa die Existenz solcher Modelle äquivalent ist mit der Widerspruchsfreiheit des Systems « New Foundations ».Zusatz. Der folgende Satz beantwortet die beiden in der Arbeit aufgeworfenen Fragen: Eine vollständige Theorie mit einem Automorphismus hat ein Modell, welches einen entsprechenden Automorphismus zulässt. Insbesondere ist somit NF widerspruchsfrei, wenn die einfache Typentheorie mit den zusätzlichen Axiomen S ≡ S* widerspruchsfrei ist.RésuméLe système d'axiomes de la géométrie projective plane est dualistique dans le sens qu'il se transforme en lui‐même si I'on y échange les notions « points » et « droite ». Cette dualité entraîne un parallélisme des théorémes et de leurs démonstrations. Par contre, la dualité d'un système d'axiomes ne nous permet pas de conclure au parallélisme des énoncés qui soient vrais dans un modéle donné du systéme; moins encore peut‐on insérer I'existence d'une transformation biunivoque échangeant points et droites et conservant la relation d'incidence. Pour la géométric projective, de tels modèles sont bien connus; pour la théorie simple des types, I'existence d'un tel modèle est équivalent a la cohérence du système « New Foundations ».Remarque. Le théoréme suivant résout les deux problèmes proposés dans le travail: Toute théorie complète admettant un automorphisme possède un modèle admettant un automorphisme correspondant. NF est par conséquent cohérent si la théorie simple des types avec les axiomes supplémentaires S ≡ S * est cohérente.The axiom system of plane projective geometry is dual in the sense that it is transformed into itself by exchange of the notions « point » and « line.» It follows that for every theorem the dual sentence is also a theorem. However, from the duality of the axiom system one cannot conclude that in a model the truth of a sentence implies that of the dual sentence; even less can one conclude that each model admits a 1‐1‐transformation interchanging points and lines and preserving the incidence relation. For projective geometry, models of this kind are well known. For the simple theory of types it is shown that the existence of such models is equivalent to the consistency of « New Foundations. »Additional remark. The following theorem answers both of the questions proposed in the paper: If it is complete, then a theory with an automorphism has a model with a corresponding automorphism. NF is therefore consistent if simple theory of type with the additional axioms S ≡ S* is consistent. (shrink)

The author examines john locke's arguments concerning the existence and binding force of natural law. (staff).

For statesmen, friendship is the lingua franca of politics. Considering the connections between personal and political friendship, John von Heyking’s The Form of Politics interprets the texts of Plato and Aristotle and emphasizes the role that friendship has in enduring philosophical and contemporary political contexts. Beginning with a discussion on virtue-friendship, described by Aristotle and Plato as an agreement on what qualifies as the pursuit of good, The Form of Politics demonstrates that virtue and political friendship form a paradoxical relationship (...) in which political friendships need to be nourished by virtue-friendships that transcend the moral and intellectual horizons of the political society. Von Heyking then examines Aristotle’s ethical and political writings – which are set within the boundaries of political life – and Plato’s dialogues on friendship in Lysis and the Laws, which characterize political friendship as festivity. Ultimately, arguing that friendship is the high point of a virtuous political life, von Heyking presents a fresh interpretation of Aristotle and Plato’s political thought, and a new take on the most essential goals in politics. Inviting reassessment of the relationship between friendship and politics by returning to the origins of Western philosophy, The Form of Politics is a lucid work on the foundations of political cooperation. (shrink)

Preface LUDWIG von Mises published many books and articles in his long and productive life, each of them making important contributions to the theory and ...

An Introduction to the Logic of the Computing Sciences provides an introduction to symbolic logic by creating connections with the diverse fields of philosophy, mathematics, computing sciences, law, business, popular culture, and ethics, so that students from varied backgrounds can grasp the ideas of logic. The author relates symbolic logic to computer science by introducing each logical principle by a truth table, flow chart, and algorithm. He emphasizes the connections between logic and the different subjects through over two hundred word (...) problems that relate to the different areas. Following a strategic plan that avoids intimidating students, the author introduces each new principle one at a time with a set of twenty exercises that require the use of that principle. He introduces the next principle with exercises that require the use of the new principle and the principles previously studied, gradually building on the knowledge of the student until he or she has a thorough understanding of symbolic logic. (shrink)

It is well known that indefinite phrases are more liberal in taking scope than other quantifying phrases. In general, the scope of indefinites is not limited by the finite clause in which they occur, although the scope of universal quantifiers is. Wh-phrases behave very much like indefinites: in languages with wh in situ, their scope need not be restricted by anything like clause boundedness.

Descartes made a sharp distinction between matter and mind. But he also thought that the two interact with one another. Is such interaction possible, however, without either a materialist reduction of mind to matter or an idealist (phenomenalist) reduction of matter to mind? These questions overshadow the Western tradition in metaphysics from the time of Descartes to present times. The book makes an effort to stay clear of reductivist views of the two Cartesian substances. It defends a dualistic psycho-physical parallel (...) theory which reconciles freedom of action with determinism in nature. Basic problems in perception theory are also discussed, with special emphasis on hearing and sound. Because of the intrinsic interest of the subject and the author's non-technical presentation of it, the book should appeal to all readers with a serious interest in philosophy and psychology. (shrink)

Early on Dietrich von Hildebrand distinguished himself as a thinker with an unusual understanding of human love. His books in the 1920s on man and woman broke new ground and stirred up fruitful controversy. Toward the end of his life he wrote a foundational book on love, The Nature of Love. He had in fact been preparing all his life to write this work; he was so drawn to the philosophical analysis of love that his students long ago had dubbed (...) him doctor amoris, the doctor of love. The Nature of Love is a masterpiece of phenomenological investigation. Not since Max Schelers work on love have the resources of phenomenology been so fruitfully employed for the understanding of what love is and what it is not. (shrink)

Simone Weil's influence has been enormous and in this age of doubt and uncertainty there is something particularly appealing about this French Jewish writer, for Weil lived out her beliefs. From an early age she was attracted to Bolshevism, became an anarchist and helped Trotsky. She joined the International Red Brigade to fight Franco in the Spanish Civil War. An agnostic, she experienced a profound religious conversion, yet never converted to the Christian faith to which she was so deeply attracted. (...) This clear lucid exposition of her life and work shows how Weil is truly a prophet for our age and an indispensable source of encouragement to all those at the frontiers of religion, both within and without. (shrink)

Purpose: The paper contributes to the naturalization of epistemology. It suggests tentative itineraries for the progression from elementary experiential situations to the abstraction of the concepts of unit, plurality, number, point, line, and plane. It also provides a discussion of the question of certainty in logical deduction and arithmetic. Approach: Whitehead's description of three processes involved in criticizing mathematical thinking (1956) is used to show discrepancies between a traditional epistemological stance and the constructivist approach to knowing and communication. Practical implications: (...) Reducing basic abstract terms to experiential situations should make them easier to conceive for students. (shrink)